A high dynamic range (HDR) encompasses deep blacks, bright highlights, and balanced midtones, while a low dynamic range results in reduced tonal contrast and less visual depth.

Dynamic range is measured in f-stops, a unit that determines how much light enters a camera. Modern digital cameras typically capture between 12 to 15 stops, enabling a broader range of details in both shadows and highlights. Despite advancements, current camera technology cannot yet replicate the dynamic range of the human eye.

Proper dynamic range plays a crucial role in preserving visual details, enhancing color accuracy, and simplifying postproduction editing. For instance, balanced dynamic range ensures textures, costumes, and set details are clearly visible, while high tonal contrast can emphasize dramatic or cinematic aesthetics. Conversely, poor dynamic range may result in overexposed highlights, overly dark shadows, or a flat and lifeless image.

Dynamic range is influenced by lighting, composition, and camera settings. Key techniques to optimize dynamic range include:

Aperture Adjustment: Controls the amount of light entering the lens, affecting focus and exposure.

ISO Settings: Adjusts light sensitivity; higher ISO can brighten dark shots but risks image noise.

Neutral Density Filters (ND Filters): Attachments that limit light entry for better exposure control.

Advanced cameras may use log curves or RAW shooting modes for flexible dynamic range adjustments. Some even support exposure bracketing, where multiple exposures, overexposed, underexposed, and balanced are combined to produce HDR visuals.

Mastering dynamic range requires balancing exposure and ensuring the final shot aligns with the creative intent, whether aiming for dramatic contrast or subtle, natural tones.